When you start a diet, you reduce your intake of calories and a big part of that reduction is from carbohydrates. The reduction in carbohydrates leads to the depletion of glycogen (how your body stores sugar) from both your muscles and liver. Each gram of stored glycogen normally holds 3- to 4-grams of water with it.^[i],[ii]

This is the mechanism behind most of the early weight loss at the beginning of any diet—anywhere from 50 to 75% of the scale loss is water! Low-carbohydrate (high-protein) diets especially accentuate early (excess) water losses because it takes as little as 3-days on a low carbohydrate meal plan to deplete two-thirds of muscle glycogen.^[iii]  That means when you start a diet, the first week or so it looks like you're losing way more weight than you actually are.

Fad diets are based on this trick, because initial calorie reductions produce the illusion of more weight loss than you've actually earned.^[iv] This illusion leads to highly unrealistic expectations about ongoing weight loss. You essentially "owe" those illusionary unearned pounds back to the scale. And that "debt" will be paid with another illusion—the illusion of slowed weight loss in the upcoming weeks!

Furthermore, it's also important to understand that when your glycogen stores are depleted—from following that low carbohydrate diet, or other reduced-calorie diet—a carbohydrate binge will lead to excessive glycogen repletion (up to two times normal levels). And along with the glycogen, one heck of a water-weight-gain!

The fact is that as long as you are creating an energy deficit, you are losing the weight associated with that deficit. So when your weight loss seems to slow or stall (around the 3^rd or 4^th week of dieting) just keep following your healthy eating and exercise plan and (assuming extra calories aren't creeping in) the scale will start dropping again. During this time you're still losing fat, which is the goal. It's just that the excess water loss from when you started is temporarily masking your current fat loss.

The illusion of hitting a plateau can also happen later in the weight loss process. In previous post I addressed “understanding energy balance” for weight loss. What most people usually don't understand is that your success at weight loss actually reduces your energy needs. So your rate of weight loss slows as you lose weight—because smaller bodies have smaller energy needs.  That's normal, but it means to continue to lose weight you will have to adjust your intake target lower and/or exercise more to maintain the calorie deficit needed for the rate of weight loss you prefer. At lower body weights it's very effective to utilize more physical activity to maximize your weekly weight loss.

In problem-solving plateaus later in the weight loss process, you'll need to make an assessment of where you're at. Start by reassessing the numbers. Be forewarned however, that the reality is that adherence to lowered calorie intake typically starts sliding very early in the process and continues to escalate to the point where you are simply in energy balance (not creating an energy deficit).[iv] So, follow these steps:

• Reassess your minimum calorie needs: here's a quick thumbnail estimate [Enlarged graphic with more details]. First find your BMI here. If you can, have your metabolism (resting metabolic rate) measured rather than use the estimate. Then just decrease that number by 200- to 300-hundred calories (but don’t go below 1,200-calories for women, or 1,400 calories for men) and bump up your exercise (see the end of my article on fat-burning workouts, you should be burning a minimum of 2,000 calories a week).

• Find your food scale, measuring cups and spoons. If you thought you were already within the above values, but not losing weight, then it's time to assess how accurately you're tracking your intake. Are you weighing and measuring? Are you writing in your food log within 15-minutes of eating? Are you over estimating your physical activity expenditure? It's not unusual to underestimate your intake by 20- to 50%, as well as overestimate your activity expenditure.^[vi],[vii] You can't fool Mother Nature! Choose to put in the time and effort needed for accuracy, and the scale will respond.

• If the scale still seems stuck you may want to have your thyroid checked. If you have untreated (or undercorrected) hypothroidism your basal metabolic rate can be off enough that you—in fact—are not creating a negative energy balance.

These are complicated subjects that are hard to cover in a short format. Let me know what remaining questions you might have!

Best,
-Dorene

If you like this blog, you may also like my book:  The NEW Healthy Eating & Weight Management Guide.

[i] Stubbs RJ. Carbohydrates and Energy Balance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997;819:44-69.

[ii] Olsson DE, et al. Variation in Total Body Water with Muscle Glycogen Changes in Man. Acta Physiol Scand. 1970;80:11-18.

[iii] Bergstrom J, et al. Diet, Muscle Glycogen and Physical Performance. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967;71:140-150.

[iv] Hall, KD, et al. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on body weight. Lancet 2011;378:826-37.

[v ] Kreitzman SN, et al. Glycogen storage: illusion of easy weight loss, excessive weight regain, and distortions in estimates of body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:292S-293S.

[vi] Kretsch MJ, et al. Behavioral and body size correlates of energy intake underreporting by obese and normal-weight women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:300-306.

[vii] Lichtman SW, et al. Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. NEJM 1992;327:1893-1898.